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Season 1999

Every heat event the pipeline tracked between 1999-05-01 and 1999-09-30, with how each one grew, peaked and moved. Anomalies are against the 1991–2020 baseline.

Season at a glance

Events tracked
27
Total heat burden
59.96 Mkm²·days
Longest
16days (#4)
Hottest
+15.3°C (#9)
With a heat dome
15of 27 events

A heat dome is the stricter object: a tracked heat event with a closed 500 hPa anticyclone whose influence cap overlies it, after Loikith et al. (2026). Most heatwaves are not domes, so the label is a finding and not a synonym.

ERA5 daily maximum 2 m temperature over land, against the 1991–2020 climatology (p90 in a centred 15-day window). A heatwave cell is Tx above p90 on at least 3 consecutive days.

When the events ran

MayJunJulAugSep#16 d · +10.2 °C#211 d · +14.1 °C#37 d · +12.4 °C#416 d · +14.4 °C#515 d · +11.9 °C#611 d · +12.0 °C#78 d · +13.2 °C#86 d · +8.6 °C#916 d · +15.3 °C#105 d · +8.1 °C#118 d · +11.8 °C#126 d · +10.0 °C#1310 d · +13.9 °C#145 d · +9.2 °C#1511 d · +9.7 °C#169 d · +12.6 °C#1711 d · +10.8 °C#187 d · +8.4 °C#196 d · +8.9 °C#207 d · +7.8 °C#219 d · +10.4 °C#2212 d · +11.9 °C#234 d · +9.8 °C#245 d · +9.1 °C#2510 d · +13.1 °C#264 d · +9.2 °C#276 d · +12.1 °C1999-05-01 → 1999-09-30; bar colour is peak anomaly (+4 to +16 °C); filled dot = heat dome, hollow = no overlying high

Overlapping bars are concurrent events in different places, not one event counted twice: each is a separately labelled cluster of contiguous heatwave cells.

How each event evolved

Event #9 — 1999-06-19 → 1999-07-04 16 daysheat dome · 14/16 d · Z500 +237 m

peak 1.20 M km² on 1999-06-26 · max +15.3 °C · mean +8.4 °C · burden 11.75 M km²·d · drift 741 km (58.0 N 31.7 E → 57.8 N 44.3 E)

1.2Mkm²+15.3+0.0 °C1999-06-191999-07-04peak 1999-06-26centroid drift · 8.3° box

Event #6 — 1999-06-06 → 1999-06-16 11 daysheat dome · 8/11 d · Z500 +266 m

peak 1.22 M km² on 1999-06-09 · max +12.0 °C · mean +7.8 °C · burden 7.18 M km²·d · drift 378 km (56.4 N 34.3 E → 56.0 N 28.2 E)

1.2Mkm²+12.0+0.0 °C1999-06-061999-06-16peak 1999-06-09centroid drift · 6.4° box

Event #21 — 1999-09-02 → 1999-09-10 9 daysheat dome · 9/9 d · Z500 +258 m

peak 1.68 M km² on 1999-09-07 · max +10.4 °C · mean +7.0 °C · burden 6.63 M km²·d · drift 974 km (60.8 N 9.4 E → 58.5 N 26.2 E)

1.7Mkm²+10.4+0.0 °C1999-09-021999-09-10peak 1999-09-07centroid drift · 14.4° box

Event #11 — 1999-07-03 → 1999-07-10 8 daysheat dome · 5/8 d · Z500 +157 m

peak 1.24 M km² on 1999-07-06 · max +11.8 °C · mean +7.5 °C · burden 5.47 M km²·d · drift 1595 km (48.6 N 11.7 E → 47.3 N 33.1 E)

1.2Mkm²+11.8+0.0 °C1999-07-031999-07-10peak 1999-07-06centroid drift · 17.6° box

Event #13 — 1999-07-10 → 1999-07-19 10 daysheat dome · 6/10 d · Z500 +271 m

peak 1.22 M km² on 1999-07-15 · max +13.9 °C · mean +7.5 °C · burden 4.92 M km²·d · drift 1067 km (60.5 N 24.5 E → 69.8 N 29.9 E)

1.2Mkm²+13.9+0.0 °C1999-07-101999-07-19peak 1999-07-15centroid drift · 16.8° box

Event #22 — 1999-09-04 → 1999-09-15 12 dayshigh on 4/12 d only

peak 726k km² on 1999-09-12 · max +11.9 °C · mean +7.9 °C · burden 4.16 M km²·d · drift 473 km (53.9 N 15.1 E → 50.7 N 10.7 E)

726kkm²+11.9+0.0 °C1999-09-041999-09-15peak 1999-09-12centroid drift · 6.1° box

Event #25 — 1999-09-20 → 1999-09-29 10 daysheat dome · 7/10 d · Z500 +153 m

peak 737k km² on 1999-09-26 · max +13.1 °C · mean +7.4 °C · burden 3.21 M km²·d · drift 1152 km (53.0 N 17.8 E → 44.8 N 27.5 E)

737kkm²+13.1+0.0 °C1999-09-201999-09-29peak 1999-09-26centroid drift · 11.5° box

Event #18 — 1999-08-17 → 1999-08-23 7 dayshigh on 3/7 d only

peak 504k km² on 1999-08-20 · max +8.4 °C · mean +4.9 °C · burden 1.92 M km²·d · drift 618 km (37.7 N 30.1 E → 40.0 N 36.5 E)

504kkm²+8.4+0.0 °C1999-08-171999-08-23peak 1999-08-20centroid drift · 6.3° box

Event #4 — 1999-05-26 → 1999-06-10 16 dayshigh on 8/16 d only

peak 204k km² on 1999-05-31 · max +14.4 °C · mean +8.2 °C · burden 1.43 M km²·d · drift 534 km (35.2 N 2.0 E → 35.3 N 7.9 E)

204kkm²+14.4+0.0 °C1999-05-261999-06-10peak 1999-05-31centroid drift · 6.0° box

Event #27 — 1999-09-25 → 1999-09-30 6 daysheat dome · 6/6 d · Z500 +140 m

peak 386k km² on 1999-09-28 · max +12.1 °C · mean +6.4 °C · burden 1.23 M km²·d · drift 468 km (37.0 N 29.0 E → 38.7 N 33.8 E)

386kkm²+12.1+0.0 °C1999-09-251999-09-30peak 1999-09-28centroid drift · 5.4° box

Event #2 — 1999-05-08 → 1999-05-18 11 daysheat dome · 10/11 d · Z500 +186 m

peak 195k km² on 1999-05-13 · max +14.1 °C · mean +8.9 °C · burden 1.23 M km²·d · drift 151 km (35.9 N 8.6 E → 35.3 N 7.1 E)

195kkm²+14.1+0.0 °C1999-05-081999-05-18peak 1999-05-13centroid drift · 4.1° box

Event #8 — 1999-06-16 → 1999-06-21 6 dayshigh on 3/6 d only

peak 365k km² on 1999-06-19 · max +8.6 °C · mean +6.7 °C · burden 1.20 M km²·d · drift 480 km (51.1 N 35.0 E → 50.5 N 28.2 E)

365kkm²+8.6+0.0 °C1999-06-161999-06-21peak 1999-06-19centroid drift · 5.3° box

Event #7 — 1999-06-11 → 1999-06-18 8 daysheat dome · 6/8 d · Z500 +285 m

peak 319k km² on 1999-06-13 · max +13.2 °C · mean +8.4 °C · burden 1.15 M km²·d · drift 436 km (63.7 N 20.1 E → 60.3 N 24.3 E)

319kkm²+13.2+0.0 °C1999-06-111999-06-18peak 1999-06-13centroid drift · 4.5° box

Event #15 — 1999-07-27 → 1999-08-06 11 dayshigh on 4/11 d only

peak 184k km² on 1999-08-01 · max +9.7 °C · mean +5.7 °C · burden 858k km²·d · drift 315 km (53.3 N -4.5 E → 56.0 N -5.4 E)

184kkm²+9.7+0.0 °C1999-07-271999-08-06peak 1999-08-01centroid drift · 6.3° box

Event #19 — 1999-08-17 → 1999-08-22 6 dayshigh on 3/6 d only

peak 241k km² on 1999-08-20 · max +8.9 °C · mean +5.4 °C · burden 843k km²·d · drift 297 km (41.3 N 22.9 E → 38.7 N 22.5 E)

241kkm²+8.9+0.0 °C1999-08-171999-08-22peak 1999-08-20centroid drift · 3.5° box

Event #5 — 1999-05-27 → 1999-06-10 15 daysheat dome · 8/15 d · Z500 +160 m

peak 152k km² on 1999-06-01 · max +11.9 °C · mean +6.2 °C · burden 805k km²·d · drift 826 km (44.8 N 11.1 E → 37.6 N 13.7 E)

152kkm²+11.9+0.0 °C1999-05-271999-06-10peak 1999-06-01centroid drift · 9.1° box

Event #20 — 1999-08-31 → 1999-09-06 7 daysheat dome · 4/7 d · Z500 +242 m

peak 169k km² on 1999-09-04 · max +7.8 °C · mean +5.3 °C · burden 777k km²·d · drift 438 km (57.0 N -2.3 E → 53.1 N -1.0 E)

169kkm²+7.8+0.0 °C1999-08-311999-09-06peak 1999-09-04centroid drift · 5.0° box

Event #16 — 1999-08-03 → 1999-08-11 9 dayshigh on 3/9 d only

peak 160k km² on 1999-08-08 · max +12.6 °C · mean +6.0 °C · burden 769k km²·d · drift 478 km (35.4 N 2.1 E → 35.1 N 7.4 E)

160kkm²+12.6+0.0 °C1999-08-031999-08-11peak 1999-08-08centroid drift · 5.6° box

Event #1 — 1999-05-01 → 1999-05-06 6 daysheat dome · 4/5 d · Z500 +153 m

peak 173k km² on 1999-05-03 · max +10.2 °C · mean +6.5 °C · burden 681k km²·d · drift 229 km (38.5 N 30.2 E → 36.8 N 31.6 E)

173kkm²+10.2+0.0 °C1999-05-011999-05-06peak 1999-05-03centroid drift · 2.7° box

Event #3 — 1999-05-10 → 1999-05-16 7 daysheat dome · 6/7 d · Z500 +186 m

peak 173k km² on 1999-05-12 · max +12.4 °C · mean +7.8 °C · burden 649k km²·d · drift 122 km (38.3 N -2.2 E → 37.3 N -2.0 E)

173kkm²+12.4+0.0 °C1999-05-101999-05-16peak 1999-05-12centroid drift · 3.7° box

Event #12 — 1999-07-09 → 1999-07-14 6 daysheat dome · 5/6 d · Z500 +302 m

peak 158k km² on 1999-07-11 · max +10.0 °C · mean +6.9 °C · burden 610k km²·d · drift 457 km (60.0 N 9.3 E → 60.5 N 17.5 E)

158kkm²+10.0+0.0 °C1999-07-091999-07-14peak 1999-07-11centroid drift · 5.2° box

Event #17 — 1999-08-15 → 1999-08-25 11 dayshigh on 3/11 d only

peak 114k km² on 1999-08-19 · max +10.8 °C · mean +5.3 °C · burden 578k km²·d · drift 40 km (35.2 N 3.3 E → 35.2 N 2.9 E)

114kkm²+10.8+0.0 °C1999-08-151999-08-25peak 1999-08-19centroid drift · 4.0° box

Event #23 — 1999-09-11 → 1999-09-14 4 dayshigh on 2/4 d only

peak 128k km² on 1999-09-12 · max +9.8 °C · mean +6.2 °C · burden 443k km²·d · drift 135 km (63.3 N 11.2 E → 64.2 N 13.1 E)

128kkm²+9.8+0.0 °C1999-09-111999-09-14peak 1999-09-12centroid drift · 1.3° box

Event #14 — 1999-07-26 → 1999-07-30 5 dayshigh on 2/5 d only

peak 137k km² on 1999-07-28 · max +9.2 °C · mean +7.0 °C · burden 428k km²·d · drift 212 km (48.5 N 43.3 E → 50.4 N 43.8 E)

137kkm²+9.2+0.0 °C1999-07-261999-07-30peak 1999-07-28centroid drift · 2.6° box

Event #24 — 1999-09-11 → 1999-09-15 5 dayshigh on 2/5 d only

peak 128k km² on 1999-09-12 · max +9.1 °C · mean +6.0 °C · burden 399k km²·d · drift 474 km (68.2 N 16.0 E → 70.7 N 25.8 E)

128kkm²+9.1+0.0 °C1999-09-111999-09-15peak 1999-09-12centroid drift · 4.3° box

Event #26 — 1999-09-22 → 1999-09-25 4 daysheat dome · 3/4 d · Z500 +153 m

peak 103k km² on 1999-09-23 · max +9.2 °C · mean +6.4 °C · burden 340k km²·d · drift 159 km (36.2 N 4.6 E → 36.1 N 6.4 E)

103kkm²+9.2+0.0 °C1999-09-221999-09-25peak 1999-09-23centroid drift · 1.8° box

Event #10 — 1999-06-30 → 1999-07-04 5 dayshigh on 1/5 d only

peak 102k km² on 1999-07-02 · max +8.1 °C · mean +5.8 °C · burden 298k km²·d · drift 233 km (38.6 N -4.4 E → 38.0 N -1.8 E)

102kkm²+8.1+0.0 °C1999-06-301999-07-04peak 1999-07-02centroid drift · 2.5° box

Filled area is the event footprint in km² (left axis); the solid line is the peak anomaly inside it and the dashed line the mean (right axis). The small panel is the centroid path, circles sized by area and the ring marking day one. Drift is the straight-line start-to-end distance, so a dome that wandered and returned reports a small number.

Pipeline figures, 1999

Extent through the season

heatwave extent 1999

Footprints and tracks

heatwave events 1999